Selective yellow
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Selective yellow is a colour for
automotive lamps, particularly
headlamps and other road-illumination lamps such as fog lamps.
[1] Under
ECE regulations,
headlamps were formerly permitted to be either
white or selective yellow—in
France, selective yellow was mandatory for all vehicles' road-illumination lamps until 1993.
Both the internationalized European ECE Regulation 19
[2] and North American SAE standard J583
[3] permit selective yellow
front fog lamps. ECE Regulation 48 currently[
when?] requires new vehicles to be equipped with headlamps emitting white light.
[4] However, selective yellow headlamps remain permitted throughout Europe on vehicles already so equipped, as well as in non-European locales such as Japan
[5] and New Zealand.
[6]
The intent of selective yellow is to improve
vision by removing short,
blue to
violet wavelengths from the projected light. These wavelengths are difficult for the human visual system to process properly, and they cause perceived dazzle and
glare effects in
rain,
fog and
snow.
[7] Removing the blue-violet portion of a lamp's output to obtain selective yellow light can entail filter losses of around 15%,
[8] though the effect of this reduction is said to be mitigated or countervailed by the increased
visual acuity available with yellow rather than white light in bad weather.
[7]
A research experiment done in the UK in 1968 using tungsten (non-halogen) lamps found that visual acuity is about 3% better with selective yellow headlamps than with white ones of equal intensity.
[9] Research done in the Netherlands in 1976 concluded that yellow and white headlamps are equivalent as regards traffic safety, though yellow light causes less discomfort glare than white light.
[10] Researchers note that tungsten filament lamps emit only a small amount of the blue light blocked by a selective-yellow filter
[9], so such filtration makes only a small difference in the characteristics of the light output
[7], and suggest that headlamps using newer kinds of sources such as metal halide (HID) bulbs may, through filtration, give off less visually distracting light while still having greater light output than halogen ones